Immunohistochemistry Stains

These lists represent a selection of tests available at ARUP.
For a full test menu, please refer to the ARUP Laboratory Test Directory.

List of stains with Interpretation Only

Stain
Description
Her2Neu 4B5 Pathway (2002218) 4B5 with reflex to FISH for 2+ and 3+ are also available. 2002218
  • Directed against the internal domain of the ERBB2 oncoprotein (HER2).
  • Between 15 and 30% of invasive ductal cancers are positive for ERBB2 (HER2).
  • Almost all cases of Paget’s disease of breast and up to 90% of cases of ductal carcinoma in situ of comedo type are positive.
  • Aids in identifying breast cancer patients eligible for Herceptin™ therapy
HercepTest™ (0049174) HercepTest with reflex to FISH for 2+ and 3+ are also available 0049174
  • Aids in identifying breast cancer patients eligible for Herceptin™ therapy
HNPCC (2002327) 2002327
See Mismatch Repair:
Mismatch Repair (HNPCC) (049302)- With reflex to BRAF (2002327) - With reflex to MLH1 (2005270) 2002327
MSI:
  • MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2
  • Mismatch repair proteins (MMR)
  • Detects hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC)
  • BRAF reflex testing distinguishes sporadic from Lynch associated colorectal cancers with abnormal MLH1 immunostaining.
  • MLH1 reflex testing distinguishes sporadic from Lynch associated non-colorectal cancers with abnormal MLH1 immunostaining.

 

Available Stains for Stain and Return Service Only

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Stain
Description
ACTH
2003427
Adrenocorticotropic hormone:
  • Subclassifies pituitary adenomas
Adenovirus
2003430
  • Specific to all subtypes of adenovirus
AE1/AE3
2003433
  • Cytokeratin antibody cocktail for acidic and basic cytokeratins
ALK-1
2003439
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase 1:
  • Reacts with the NPM-ALK fusion protein expressed by t(2;5) positive anaplastic large cell lymphomas
Alpha Fetoprotein
2003436
  • Expressed by neoplastic liver and gonad tissue
  • Aids in identifying bladder carcinomas, yolk sac tumors, some germ cell tumors and a high proportion of hepatocellular carcinoma
Alpha Synuclien
2003419
aSynuclien (SNCA):
  • Demonstrates Lewy bodies in brain cells associated with Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s.
Alpha-1-Antichymotrypsin
2003418
Alpha 1 ACT:
  • Aids in identifying hepatomas and some germ cell neoplasms
  • Histiocyte marker for normal/neoplastic tissue
Alpha-1-Antitrypsin
2003424
Alpha 1 AT:
  • Expressed by cells of histolytic origin
  • Aids in identifying germ cell and histolytic neoplasms, as well as embryonal and some lung carcinomas
B72.3
2003445
Tumor-associated glycoprotein (TAG.72):
  • Recognizes tumor-associated oncofetal antigen
  • Aids in identifying adenocarcinomas and breast carcinomas
BAf47/Ini-1
2003448
  • Indicative of a tumor suppressor role
  • Heterozygous tumors in the soft tissues of the head and neck
BCL-2
2004513
B-cell lymphoma-2:
  • Proto-oncogene
  • Over expression increases life span in B-cells
  • Aids in identifying colorectal adenomas, carcinomas
  • Distinguishes follicular lymphoma from reactive follicles
BCL-6
2003457
  • Transcription factor important in germinal center formation
  • Aids in identifying large cell lymphomas, Burkitt lymphoma, and Hodgkin lymphoma (nodular, lymphocyte predominant)
Ber-Ep4
2003463
  • Epithelial cell membrane glycoprotein
  • Differentiates mesothelial from epithelial cells
  • Aids in identifying mammary Paget disease, lung adenocarcinomas, trichoepitheliomas, dermatofibromas, basal cell carcinomas, and other carcinomas
Beta F-1
2003466
Beta framework 1; BF-1:
  • Recognizes T-cell receptor (TCR) beta subunit
  • Aids in characterizing alpha-beta T-cell receptors from T-cell clones or polyclonal populations of T-cells
  • Aids in diagnosing T-cell lineage neoplasms
Beta-Catenin
2003454
  • Binds to cytoplasmic region of e-cadherin molecule
  • Plays a role in cell adhesion, signal transmission, and actin cytoskeleton anchoring
  • Aids in identifying skin, liver, ovary, brain, prostate, and some breast cancers, as well as endometrial, ovarian, and colon carcinomas
BK Virus
2004137
  • B-galactosidase — BK virus large T 9amino acids 622-695 fusion protein)
  • Does not react with JCV virus, SV40, or polyoma large T antigens
BOB.1
2003442
B-cell Oct-binding protein 1; OBF-1 —:
  • Expressed in spleen and peripheral blood leukocytes, Reed-Sternberg cells, B-cells, and germinal centers
  • Aids in differentiating Hodgkin lymphomas and B-cell lymphomas
BRST II (GCDFP-15)
2003472
  • Gross cystic disease fluid protein-15
  • Produced by cells with apocrine function
  • Differentiation marker for mammary carcinomas
  • Extramammary Paget disease
C4d
2003475
  • Deposits in peritubular capillary might distinguish between Acute Humoral Rejection (AHR) and Acute Cellular Rejection (ACR).
  • AHR: deposits prominently and diffusely in the peritubular capillaries, intense staining has been seen in a widespread, uniform distribution
CA-125 (OC 125)
2003478
  • High molecular weight glycoprotein
  • Expressed by normal epithelial cells of the pleura, pericardium, peritoneum, fallopian tube, endometrium, and endocervix
  • Aids in identifying non-mucinous epithelial ovarian carcinomas, serous and endometrioid adenocarcinomas, Krukenberg tumors, and uterine myomas
Calcitonin
2003481
  • Thyroid parafollicular cells (C-cells)
  • Thyroid medullary carcinomas
Caldesmon (h-CD)
2003484
  • High molecular weight isoform is H-caldesmon
  • Calcium-, calmodulin-, tropomyosin-, and actin-binding protein
  • Regulates smooth muscle contraction
  • Aids in identifying angioleiomyomas, glomus tumors, GIST, some endometrial stromal tumors, and uterine smooth muscle tumors (benign or malignant)
  • Differentiates uterine smooth muscle (usually positive) and endometrial stromal differentiation (usually negative)
Calponin
2003487
  • Can be used to characterize the differentiation process of mammary myoepithelial cells in the developing mammary glad, investigate the nature of myoepithelial cells and to study the development of human smooth muscle cells.
  • High expression might be used as an additional marker of vascular smooth muscle cells, myopithelial cells in normal and benign human mammary gland, and certain stromal myofibroblasts.
Calretinin
2003490
  • Calcium-binding protein
  • Mesothelial cells: 89% sensitive, 90% specific for differentiating mesotheliomas from lung adenocarcinomas
  • Aids in identifying mesothelial hyperplasia and epithelioid mesotheliomas
CAM 5.2 LMW (CK 8/18)
2003493
  • Cytokeratin 8/18 , low molecular weight cytokeratin
  • Hepatocellular and renal cell carcinomas
  • Aids in identifying neuroendocrine carcinoma, melanomas (3%), nuclear inclusions of rhabdoid tumors (composed of tangled intermediate filaments made up of CK8 and vimentin), and mutations associated with idiopathic cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis
Caspase 3
2003496
CCP32:
  • Control mediator of apoptosis
  • Present in epithelial cells of the skin, renal proximal tubules and collecting ducts, epithelioreticular cells of the thymus and bronchial, colonic and salivary duct epithelia, chondrocytes, bone osteocytes, megakaryocytes, mature neutrophils of bone marrow, and plasma cells of the tonsil, lymph node, and bone marrow
  • Expressed by most intermediate to high-grade non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas, mantle cell lymphomas, Burkitt lymphomas, and immunoblastic lymphomas
CCC9
2003499
Complement Component C9:
  • Final protein of the membrane attack complex
  • Pore forming protein found in cytotoxic T-cells
CD10 (CALLA)
2003523
  • Common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA)
  • Aids in identifying lymphoblastic lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and CML
  • Aids in differential diagnosis of small B-cell lymphomas and subtyping of lymphoblastic leukemias
CD117 (c-kit)
2003806
  • Proto-oncogene
  • Inhibitor of apoptotic cell death
  • Aids in identifying small and large cell lung carcinomas, GIST, AML, CML (in blast crisis), breast carcinomas, glioblastomas and melanomas
CD123
2003809
  • A marker of dendric cell precursors: is expressed by plasmactoid monocytes, dendric cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells.
CD138 (Syndecan-1)
2003812
  • Transmembrane heparin sulphate glycoprotein
  • Expressed by normal lymphoid cells, IgG plasma cells, Pre B-cells and immature B-cells
  • Co-receptor for differentiation growth factors
  • Differentiates squamous cell carcinomas, postgerminal center B-cells, and plasma cells
  • Expressed in plasma cells of CLL, plasmacytoid lymphomas, and myelomas
CD14
2003526
  • Acts as a co-receptor for the detection of bacterial lipolysaccharide (LPS).
  • Expressed on cells of myelo-monocytic llineage, including monocytes, macrophages and Langerhan’s cells.
CD15 (Leu M1)
2003529
  • Hapten X
  • Present in Reed-Sternberg cells, 90% granulocytes, 30-60% monocytes
  • Absent from lymphocytes
  • Expressed by some non-Hodgkin lymphomas, mycosis fungoides and some leukemias
CD163
2003815
  • Is restricted in its expression to the monocytic/macrophage lineage.
  • Is present on all circulating monocytes and most tissue macrophages except those found in mantle zone and germinal centers of lymphoid follicles, interdigitating reticulum cells and Langerhan’s cells.
CD19
2005114
CD19:
  • CD19 is to be used in a panel of antibodies to aid in the characterization of B-cell malignancies. The pattern or reactivity is membranous.
  • In normal tissues, the CD19 (clone BT51E) detects protein expressed on the membrane of cells of the B-cell lineage. Staining is seen in the mantle zones and germinal centers of tonsil and tissue infiltrating B-lymphocytes.
  • CD19 is detected in hematological malignancies including: 95% of B-cell lymphomas including small lymphocytic lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, T-cell rich B-cell lymphoma, and lymphoblastic lymphoma; 75% of B-cell leukemias including small lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and Hairy cell leukemia.
CD1a (Histocytosis)
2003502
  • Non-polymorphic MHC class I-related cell surface glycoprotein
  • Expressed by interdigitating reticulum cells, cortical thymocytes, thymomas, langerhans cells and Langerhans histiocytosis cells (histiocytosis X)
  • Aids in identifying some T-cell lymphomas and leukemias
CD2
2003505
  • Mediates adhesion of activated T-cells and thymocytes with antigen-presenting and target cells
  • Expressed by T-lymphocytes and cortical thymocytes
  • Aids in identifying natural killer cells and most malignant cells of T-cell origin
CD20 (L26)
2003532
  • Expressed on B-cell precursors and mature B-cells, but lost following differentiation into plasma cells
  • B-lymphocytes: germinal center cells, mantle zone lymphocytes, and interfollicular lymphocytes, but not T-cells, plasma cells, or histiocytes
  • Aids in identifying common acute lymphoblastic leukemia, pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia, CLL, prolymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, lymphoma cell leukemia, B-cell lymphomas, including Burkitt, Waldenstrom, and immunoblastic B-cell
  • May show some membrane staining of Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin lymphoma
CD21
2003535
  • C3D receptor, CR2, and EBV receptor
  • Expressed by follicular dendritic cells, mature B-cells, some types of epithelial cells, reactive hyperplasia, and plasma cells
  • Low expression on T-cell ALL cells, subset of normal thymocytes and mature T-cells, lymphocytes in the mantle zone, sinus lining cells, and monocytoid B-cells
  • Aids in identifying B-cell CLL, follicular lymphoma, low-grade MALT-type B-cell lymphoma, primary salivary gland and gastric lymphoma, T-cell and histiocyte-rich B-cell lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, follicular dendritic sarcoma and some Reed-Sternberg cells not expressing other B- or T-cell-associated markers.
CD23
2003541
  • Expressed by activated B-lymphocytes, activated macrophages, and a portion of follicular dendritic cells
  • Aids in differentiating small lymphocytic lymphoma (+) and mantle cell lymphoma (-)
CD25
2003544
  • Mediates helper, suppressor, and cytotoxic functions
  • Expressed on T-cells, HTLV-1-transformed T- and B-cells, EVB-transformed B-cells, myeloid precursors, and oligodendrocytes
  • Aids in study of inflammatory and malignant conditions
CD3
2003508
  • Binds to the non-glycosylated epsilon chain of CD3 complex
  • Present in T-lymphocytes, thymocytes/early thymocytes
  • Expressed on normal and neoplastic T-cells
CD30 (Ki-1)
2003547
  • Ki-1 positive lymphoma
  • Ber-H2
  • Expressed by activated B- and T-lymphocytes, Reed-Sternberg cells
  • Aids in identifying Hodgkin lymphoma, lymphomatoid papulosis, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, some peripheral pleomorphic T-cell lymphomas (both HTLV-1 positive and negative) including those of angioimmunoblastic type and Lennert type and embryonal carcinoma
CD31
2003550
  • Platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule
  • Expressed by endothelial cells
  • Glycoprotein in platelets
  • Aids in evaluating vascularization in normal and neoplastic tissue and demonstrating endothelial cellderived tumors
CD34 (QBEND10)
2003556
  • Human progenitor cell antigen
  • Present in immature hematopoietic cells and vascular endothelial cells
  • Expressed by some acute myeloid leukemias, undifferentiated leukemias, and acute lymphoblastic leukemias
CD35
2003559
  • Mediates neutrophil and monocte phagocytosis of particles coated with C3b and or C4b
  • Shows strong staining pattern on follicular dendritic cells
  • Aids in characterization of histocytic/dendritic cell neoplasms and follicular dendritic cell sarcomas
CD4
2003511
  • Present on a subset of helper/inducer T-cells, thymocytes, and at a lower level on monocytes
  • Aids in identifying cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, including mycosis fungoides and HTLV-1-associated adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma
CD42b
2003565
  • Platelet glycoprotein Ib
  • Expressed on platelets and megakaryocytes in bone marrow
  • Aids in phenotyping megakaryoblastic leukemias
  • Absence of CD42b on platelets may indicate Bernard-Soulier syndrome
CD43 (L60) (Leu22)
2003568
  • Expressed on T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and granulocytes
  • Aids in identifying cells of lymphoid lineage and T-cell lymphomas, and mantle cell lymphomas
CD44
2003571
  • Expression is lower in Burkitt lymphoma than diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, although we don’t routinely use this clinically
CD45 LCA
2003574
Leukocyte common antigen —:
  • Expressed on the majority of leukocytes
  • Aids in differentiating lymphoid from non-lymphoid neoplasms
CD5
2003514
  • Expressed in T-lymphocytes, thymocytes and subset of B-lymphocytes in lymph nodes
  • Aids in identifying T-cell leukemias, most B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias (B-CLL) and mantle cell lymphomas/T- and B-cell lymphomas
CD52 (Campath)
2003586
  • Expressed by lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, thymocytes, and macrophages
  • Expressed by most lymphoid-derived malignancies
  • Variable expression on myeloma cell
CD56
2003589
Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) —:
  • Expressed on natural killer cells and most neuroectodermal tissues
  • Retinoblastoma, medulloblastoma, astrocytoma, neuroblastoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma
CD57
2003592
Leu-7, HNK1:
  • Expressed by a subset of natural killer cells and some T-lymphocytes
  • Reacts with myelin-associated glycoprotein in neuroectodermal tissue
  • Aids in identifying small cell lung carcinoma, NK lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity, AIDS and AIDS-related complex (ARC), NK and T-cell subset tumors and neural tissue neoplasms
CD61 (gpIIIa)
2003595
Platelet glycoprotein IIIa:
  • Expressed on platelets and megakaryocytes
  • Specific for cells showing megakaryoblastic differentiation
  • Aids in identifying megakaryocytic/megakaryoblastic leukemias
CD68
2003598
KP-1:
  • Expressed by Macrophages, blood monocytes, mast cells, and the cell population known as "plasmacytoid T-cells" in reactive lymph nodes
  • Strong to moderate staining in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), true histiocytic neoplasia, melanoma, and some B-cell neoplasms (usually small lymphocytic lymphoma [SLL]) and weak staining in hairy cell leukemia
  • Weak staining in hairy cell leukemia
CD74 (LN2)
2003797
  • Invariant chain of HLA-DR
  • Expressed on null cells, mantle zone B-cells, interfollicular hisiocytes and germinal center cells
  • Aids in identifying B-cell lymphomas/leukemias, Reed-Sternberg cells, Hodgkin mononuclear cells and classifing lymphomas/leukemias
CD79a
2003800
  • Expressed on pre B-cells until plasma cell stage
  • Found as intracellular component in plasma cells
  • Aids in identifying acute leukemia of precursor B-cell type (common ALL), B-cell lymphomas and some myelomas
CD8
2003520
  • Expressed on a cytotoxic/suppressor subset of T-lymphocyte natural killer cells, thymocytes, and on a subpopulation of null cells
  • Aids in identifying T-cell lymphomas/leukemias
CD99 (013)
2004055
  • MIC2 gene products
  • Glycoprotein HBA 71 antigen
  • Aids in identifying primitive peripheral neuroectodermal tumors, peripheral neuroepitheliomas, Ewing sarcoma and lymphoblastic lymphoma
CDK4
2005534
CDK4:
  • CDK4 distinguishes well differentiated liposarcoma (positive) from benign adipose tumors (negative) and dedifferentiated liposarcoma (positive) from poorly differentiated sarcomas (negative); CDK4 is more specific but less sensitive than MDM2.
CDX2
2003821
  • Exclusively marks nuclei of colonic epithelial cells and colorectal cancers
  • May be involved in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation in intestinal epithelial cells
  • May be used identifying metastatic colon carcinoma
CEA (monoclonal)
2003824
Carcinoembryonic antigen:
  • Specific marker for colon carcinoma
  • Associated with other cancers: breast, stomach, and lung (see CEA polycolonal)
CEA (polyclonal)
2003827
CD56e; biliary glycoprotein 1:
  • Reacts with CEA and CEA-like proteins
  • Normal colon: small intestinal crypts and apical surfaces of epithelial cells, small intestinal goblet cell mucin (not intracytoplasmic)
  • Breast: some epithelial cell membranes expressed
  • Liver: biliary tract, hepatocytes are positive
  • Lung adenocarcinomas or mesotheliomas: 85% sensitive, 96% specific for lung adenocarcinoma, diffuse cytoplasmic staining with membrane enhancement
  • Hepatocellular or non-hepatocellular carcinomas: canalicular pattern has 50-90% sensitivity for hepatocellular carcinoma and greater than 95% specificity
  • Present also with lung adenocarcinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, colonic adenocarcinoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma
Chromogranin A
2003830
  • Expressed in neuronal cells and in secretory granules of endocrine cells: parathyroid gland, adrenal medulla, anterior pituitary gland, islet cells of the pancreas, and C-cells of the thyroid
  • Aids in identifying neuroendocrine tumors: pituitary adenomas, islet cell tumors, phaeochromocytomas, medullary thyroid carcinomas, Merkel cell tumors, and carcinoids
CK 19
2003845
CK 19:
  • Reacts with a large number of epithelial cell types, including many ductal and glandular epithelia
  • Aides in identification of many benign and malignant epithelial lesions
CK 20
2003848
Cytokeratin 20:
  • Expressed in intestinal epithelium, gastric foveolar epithelium, some endocrine cells of the upper portions of the pyloric glands, urethelium, and Merkel cells in epidermis
  • Aids in identifying colorectal carcinoma, adenomas of the gallbladder and bile ducts, ductal cell adenocarcinomas of the pancreas, mucinous ovarian tumors, transitional cell carcinomas, and Merkel cell carcinomas of the skin
  • Gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas express CK20 to a lesser degree
CK 5/6
2003851
Cytokeratins 5 and 6:
  • Stratified squamous epithelial cytokeratin
  • Aids in diagnosing low differentiated pavement epithelium carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and mesothelioma
  • Differentiates epithelial mesotheliomas (positive-cytoplasmic staining with perinuclear enhancement) from lung adenocarcinoma (89% sensitive, 95% specific)
CK 7
2003854
Cytokeratin 7:
  • Reacts with most glandular and transitional epithelia: breast, lung, bladder, female genital tract (endometrium, fallopian tube), gastrointestinal tract (gallbladder, hepatic ducts, pancreatic ducts), urinary tract, and bile duct
  • Present with subtypes of ovarian, pulmonary, and breast adenocarcinomas, transitional cell carcinomas, tumors of female genital tract (endometrium, fallopian tube), urothelial carcinomas, breast carcinomas, and lung carcinomas
CMV
2003833
Cytomegalovirus:
  • Reacts with the delayed and early DNA-binding protein p52
  • Does not crossreact with other herpesviruses or adenoviruses
Cyclin D1 (SP4)
2003842
  • B-cell lymphoma-1
  • Mantle cell lymphoma, various carcinomas (strong staining in carcinomas), multiple myelomas, some parathyroid adenomas, and parathyroid carcinomas
D2-40
2003857
  • High sensitivity and specificity for lymphatic endothelium
  • Can be used as a reliable lymphatic endothelial cell marker in the evaluation of lymphatic involvement in tumors
DBA.44
2003860
  • Developed against the B-cell antigen
  • Aids in identifying Hairy cell leukemia (particularly "hairy" cytoplasmic processes), some follicular center cell lymphomas, high grade B-cell lymphomas, splenic lymphomas with villous lymphocytes
Desmin
2003863
  • Intermediate filament present in smooth and striated muscle
  • Expressed in reactive mesothelial cells, myoblasts, myofibroblasts (variable), endometrial stroma, and smooth muscle cells
  • Aids in idenitifying smooth muscle tumors (leiomyosarcomas), myogenic sarcomas, striated muscle tumors (rhabdomyosarcoma), PNET, neuroblastomas, and intra-abdominal desmoplastic small round cell tumors
E-Cadherin
2003869
Cellular adhesion molecule:
  • Loss associated with invasive carcinoma
  • Differentiates LCIS from DCIS in indeterminate breast carcinoma
  • Reduced expression in invasive bladder cancer and ductal carcinoma
  • No expression in lobular carcinoma and LCIS
EMA
2003872
Epithelial membrane antigen:
  • Prognostic
  • Expressed by almost all glandular and ductal epithelial cells including breast and pancreas, activated T-cells, monocytes, some B-cells, follicular dendritic cells, and perineurial cells
  • Aids in identifying most adenocarcinomas, anaplastic large cell lymphomas, epithelioid sarcomas, meningiomas, some mesotheliomas, myelomas, Paget disease, plasmacytomas, squamous cell tumors, and metastatic carcinomas
  • Associated with invasion in pancreatic tumors
ERA (MOC-31)
2003875
Epithelial related antigen (MOC-31):
  • Aids in identifying adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, adenomas, small cell lung cancers, carcinoids, adenocystic carcinomas, and carcinosarcomas
Estrogen
2004516
Estrogen receptor-alpha:
  • Prognostic for breast cancer
  • Predictive for response of breast cancers to hormonal therapy
  • Differentiates endocervical from endometrial adenocarcinomas
Factor VIII
2003881
  • Associates with the von Willebrand factor
  • Expressed by endothelial cells and megakaryocytes
  • Aids in identifying vascular tumors
Factor XIIIa
2003878
  • Blood pro-enzyme identified in platelets, megakaryocytes, and fibroblast-like mesenchymal or histiocytic cells present in the placenta, uterus, and prostate
  • Present in monocytes, macrophages, and dermal dendritic cells
  • Aids in differentiating dermatofibromas, dermatosarcoma protuberans, and desmoplastic malignant melanomas
  • Positive in capillary hemangioblastomas, hemangioendotheliomas, hepatocellular carcinomas, hemangiopericytomas, xanthogranulomas, glomus tumors, and meningiomas
Fli-1
2003887
Friend leukemia insertion site 1:
  • Anti-apoptotic activity
  • Expressed in heart, lung, spleen, and thymus
  • Aids in identifying erythroleukemias, lymphoblastic lymphomas, and Ewing sarcomas
Gastrin
2003896
  • Expressed in G-cells of the pyloric antrum
  • Aids in identifying G-cell hyperplasia and gastrin-secreting tumors
GFAP
2003899
Glial fibrillary acidic protein:
  • Expressed in astrocytes and some CNS ependymal cells
  • Identifies astrocytomas and ependymomas
  • Many neural tumors, such as neuroblastomas, schwannomas, and extra-CNS tumors, do not stain
Glucagon
2003902
  • Expressed in A-cells of the endocrine pancreas
  • Identifies hyperplastic islet cells of the pancreas and their tumors
GLUT-1
2003905
  • Involved in glucose transport across epithelial and endothelial barrier tissues
  • Stains the membrane of normal erythrocytes in various normal and neoplastic tissues
Glycophorin A
2003908
  • Expressed in erythroid cells
  • Identifies M6 subtype of acute myeloblastic leukemia, erythroleukemia, and erythroblasts
HBME 1
2003914
Anti-mesothelial cell:
  • Has been demonstrated to immunostain the membrane and cytoplasm of normal plural and peritoneal mesothelial cells and of neoplastic epithelial mesothelioma cells.
  • Although both the membrane and cytoplasm of epithelial mesothelioma cells stain positive, the thick membrane staining pattern is found to be a more diagnostically useful marker of malignant mesothelioma.
HBsAg
2003917
Hepatitis B surface antigen:
  • Expressed by liver cells infected with type-B viral hepatitis
Helicobacter pylori
2003941
  • Reacts with antigens of the H. pylori organism
Hemoglobin A
2003926
Hgb A:
  • Expressed on normoblasts in bone marrow and to a lesser degree on erythrocytes
HHV8
2003932
Human herpes virus type 8 (latent nuclearantigen):
  • Aids in identifying multicentric Castleman disease, angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathies, and Kaposi sarcoma
HMB-45
2003935
Melanoma-specific antigen:
  • Expressed in junctional cells, blue nevus cells, and fetal and neonatal melanocytes
  • Reacts with the majority of melanomas and other tumors with melanoma/melanocytic differentiation, including melanotic schwannoma clear cell sarcoma
HSA
2003923
Hep Par-1:
  • Expressed in hepatocytes
  • Differentiates hepatocellular carcinomas and metastatic carcinomas
  • Differential diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinomas, cholangiocarcinomas, and hepatoblastomas
HSV I
2003944
Herpes simplex virus I:
  • Reacts with HSV type 1 specific antigen and antigens common for HSV types 1 and 2
HSV II
2003954
Herpes simplex virus II:
  • Reacts with HSV type 2 specific antigen and antigens common for HSV types 1 and 2
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
2003920
hCG:
  • Expressed on placental trophoblasts
  • Aids in identifying trophoblastic germ cell tumor
Human Growth Hormone
2003929
HGH:
  • Identifies somatotroph cells of the human adenohypophysis
  • Subclassifies pituitary adenomas
  • Identifies adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and large cell carcinomas of non-pituitary origin
Human Placental Lactogen
2003938
HPL:
  • Reacts with placental syncytrotrophoblastic cells
  • Identifies placental site trophoblastic tumors and exaggerated placental sites
IDH1 R132H
2005857
IDH1 R132H:
  • IDH1 mutations have been proposed as a marker to distinguish primary from secondary Glioblastoma multiform (GBM).
  • Clone H09 reacts specifically with the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) R132H point mutation in tissue sections from formalin fixed brain tumor specimens. Heterozygous point mutations of IDH1 codon 132 are frequent in grade II and grade III gliomas. IDH1 R132H mutations occur in approximately 70% of astrocytomas and oligodendroglial tumors.
  • The high frequency and distribution of the IDH1 R132H mutation among specific brain tumor entities allow the highly sensitive and specific discrimination of various tumors, such as astrocytoma from primary glioblastomas or diffuse astrocytoma grade II from pilocytic astrocytoma or ependymoma.
IgA
2003957
  • Alpha chains of Ig
IgD
2003960
  • Delta chains of IgD
IgG
2003963
  • Gamma chains of IgG
IgG4
2005844
IgG4:
  • IgG4-related sclerosing disease has been recognized as a systemic disease entity characterized by an elevated serum IgG4 level, sclerosing fibrosis and diffuse lymphoplasmacytic infiltration with the presence of many IgG4-positive plasma cells. It is important to recognize this entity and differentiate it from such mimics as lymphoma.
  • Immunohistochemical analysis in the cases of IgG4-related sclerosing disease exhibits significantly more IgG4 positive plasma cells in affected tissues.
  • Clinical manifestations are apparent in the pancreas, bile duct, gallbladder, lacrimal gland, salivary gland, retroperitoneum, kidney, lung, breast thyroid, and prostate.
IgM
2003966
  • Mu chains of IgM
Inhibin
2003969
  • Expressed in Sertoli cells, granulosa cells, and prostate, brain, and adrenal cells
  • Present in sex-cord stromal tumors (including Sertoli cell tumors), adrenocortical tumors, placental and gestational trophoblastic lesions, granular cell tumors of gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts, and some carcinomas
Insulin
2003972
  • Secreted by B-cells of the islets of Langerhans
  • Identifies insulin-producing islet cell tumors, hyperplastic islet cells, and islet cells originating in pancreatic ductules
IRF-4 (MUM 1)
2003975
  • Transcription factor required for B- and T-cell development
  • Expressed in a subset of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and used in cell of origin classification
  • Aids in the differential diagnosis of PEL among other lymphomas involving the serous body cavities
Kappa
2003981
  • Reacts with free kappa chains and those in intact immunoglobulin molecules
  • Restricted expression suggests monoclonality and neoplastic process
Keratin 903 (HMW)
2003978
High molecular weight keratin, 34βE12:
  • Specific to prostate basal cells
  • Rules out prostatic adenocarcinoma
  • High grade PIN demonstrates K 903 staining
  • Identifies squamous cell carcinomas, urothelial carcinomas, adenocarcinomas of ductal origin (breast, pancreas), and small benign acinar lesions of the prostate
  • Aids in differentiating mesotheliomas from lung adenocarcinomas
Ki-67 (Mib-1)
2004519
  • Proliferation index indicator
  • Determines growth fraction
  • Aids in differentiating melanoma from nevus cells for sentinel node biopsy
  • Distinguishes benign and malignant adrenocortical tumors
Lambda
2003984
  • Reacts with free lambda chains and those in intact immunoglobulin molecules
  • Restricted expression suggests monoclonality and neoplastic process
Laminin
2003987
  • Reacts with receptors at cell surfaces, which results in changes in behavior of cells during embryonic development and regeneration.
Lysozyme (Muramidase)
2003990
  • Histiocytic and bacteriolytic enzyme
  • Present in granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, histiocytes, normal hematopoietic cells, and some epithelial cells
  • Present in myeloid leukemias
Mast Cell Tryptase
2003993
  • Present in secretory granules of mast cells
  • Present with inflammatory diseases
MDM2
2005858
MDM2:
  • MDM2 seems to be amplified in certain tumors (including soft tissue sarcomas, osteosarcomas and gliomas).
  • MDM2 distinguish well differentiated liposarcoma (positive) from benign adipose tumors (negative) and de-differentiated liposarcoma (positive) from poorly differentiated sarcomas (negative).
  • CDK4 is more specific but less sensitive than MDM2.
Melan A
2003996
  • MART-1 antigen
  • Expressed in melanocytes, steroid-producing cells of the adrenal cortex, ovary, and testis
  • Identifies melanomas, adrenocortical tumors, Leydig tumors of the testis, and Sertoli-Leydig ovarian tumors
Muc-1 Glycoprotein
2004002
  • Expressed in mucin-secreting epithelial cells of normal endometrium, kidney, lung, pancreas, and stomach
  • Utilized in the detection of Muc-1 glycoprotein in benign and malignant tumors
Muc-2 Glycoprotein
2004005
Mucin core protein:
  • Expressed in intestinal goblet cells
  • Predicts colorectal origin for Paget disease
  • Identifies mucinous, colonic, and gastric tumors
Muc-4 Glycoprotein
2004008
  • Stains stomach, colon, and the endothelial cells of small blood vessels and capillaries
  • Strong positive staining in colon polyps, colon carcinoma, and gastric adenocarcinoma
  • Positive staining also demonstrated in lung adenocarcinoma and ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma
Muc-5AC Glycoprotein
2003999
  • Expressed in stomach and endocervical glands
  • Expressed in extramammary Paget disease
  • Characterizes mucin expression in interstitial metaplasia and gastric tumors
Muscle Specific Actin
2004011
  • Present in skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle, and myoepithelial cells
  • Identifies soft tissue tumors with muscle differentiation (leiomyomas, leiomyosarcomas, and rhabdomyosarcomas), some pleomorphic liposarcomas, the majority of glomus tumors, occasional desmoid tumors, and myofibroblasts in some lesions
Myeloperoxidase
2004014
MPO:
  • Reacts with myeloperoxidase from granulocytes
  • Aids in differentiating lymphoid leukemias from myeloid leukemias
  • Identifies granulocytic sarcomas
Myf-4
2004017
  • Expressed early in skeletal muscle differentiation.
  • Is a sensitive and specific marker for rhabdomyosarcoma.
  • Is more specific than desmin and muscle-specific actin and more sensitive than myoglobin.
Myoglobin
2004031
  • Oxygen binding protein
  • Expressed by striated muscle (cardiac, skeletal)
  • Present in rhabdomyosarcoma and other tumors with skeletal muscle differentiation
Myosin
2004034
  • Contractile protein
  • Expressed in smooth muscle (non-sarcomeric) and skeletal muscle (sarcomeric) forms
  • Aids in muscle differentiation
NeuN
2004046
  • Aids in the definitive identification of neuronal elements in ganglion cell tumors or hamartomas, in which a distinction between atypical glial cells and neurons may be difficult.
  • May be used, similarly, for the study of neuronal loss in epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, or other conditions
Neurofilament (68kD)
2004049
  • Cytoskeletal element in nerve axons/dendrites
  • Reacts with neurons, neuronal processes, peripheral nerves, sympathetic ganglion cells, and adrenal medulla
  • Identifies neuroblastoma and gangliomas
NSE
2004052
Neuron-specific enolase:
  • Expressed by neuronal or neuroendocrine cells and their tumors: neuroblastomas and retinoblastomas
  • May label non-neuronal tumors: meningiomas, medulloblastomas, astrocytomas, glioblastomas, oligoastrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, pituitary adenomas, schwannomas, ependymomas, meningosarcomas, gliosarcomas, small cell lung cancer, melanomas, and germ cell tumors
Oct 3/4
2004058
  • Expressed by embryonic stem cells and germ cells.
  • Has been reported to be expressed in germ cell tumors and their metastases which exhibit features of pluripotentiality including seminoma/dysgerminoma/germinoma and embryonial carcinoma.
  • Has been proposed as a useful marker for germ cell tumors and to assist in establishing a germ cell origin for some metastatic tomors of uncertain primary origin.
Oct-2
2004061
Octamer-binding transcription factor 2:
  • Aids in differentiating Hodgkin lymphomas (typically weak to negative) and B-cell lymphomas
p16
2004064
F-12:
  • Negative regulator of the cell cycle
  • Prognostic significance (breast, colon, stomach, lung, and pituitary)
p21
2004067
WAF1/Cip1:
  • Inhibits and blocks cell cycle progression
  • Present in melanomas, pancreatic carcinomas, cervical carcinomas, thymomas, thyroid carcinomas, breast carcinomas, head and neck carcinomas, colon carcinomas, and Hodgkin lymphoma
p27
2004070
Kip1:
  • Regulates progression from G¹ into S phase
  • Loss may contribute to oncogenesis and tumor progression
  • Prognostic significance (breast, colon, stomach, lung, and pituitary)
P504S
2004076
  • Prostate
  • α-Methylacyl-CoA Racemase (AMCAR)
  • Specific for prostate adenocarcinomas
  • Detected in two premalignant lesions: high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and atypical adenomatous hyperplasia
p53
2004522
  • Tumor suppressor protein; prognostic indicator
P57/kip2
2005542
P57/kip2:
  • p57/kip2 has been used as an aide in identification of complete hydatidiform mole (CHM) (no nuclear labeling of cytotrophoblasts) from partial hydatidiform mole (PHM) and hydropic abortion.
p63
2004073
  • Differentiates prostatic adenocarcinoma and benign prostatic tissue.
  • Also distinguishes poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma from small cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma.
PAP
2004079
Prostate acid phosphatase:
  • Reacts with prostatic epithelial cells and hyperplastic prostate
  • Present in carcinomas of the prostate and metastatic cells of prostate carcinoma, bladder carcinomas, and carcinoid tumors
Parathyroid Hormone
2004118
PTH:
  • Reacts with parathyroid epithelial cells
  • Present in adenomas and primary and secondary hyperplasias
PAX-5
2004082
  • Member of the paired box family
  • B-cell-specific activator protein (BSAP)
  • Expressed in pro-, pre-, and mature B-cells, but not in plasma cells
  • Present in pre B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias and classic Hodgkin lymphomas
  • Aids in differential diagnosis of lymphoplasmacytic lymphomas or plasmacytomas
PD1
2004085
  • Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphomas are the only hematopoietic tumors that are positive for PD1 protein.
  • In tonsil and lymph tissues the protein is expressed on T-cells and some B-cells of the light zone of germinal centers.
PGP 9.5
2004091
Protein gene product 9.5:
  • Expressed in neurons, neuroendocrine cells, and melanocytes
  • Present in neuronal neoplasias (carcinoid tumors)
PHF-Tau
2004094
  • Tau is abnormally phosphorlated in Alzheimer´s disease
  • Main component in paired helical filaments (PHFs) and neurofibrillary tangles
Placental Alkaline Phosphatase
2004097
PLAP:
  • Expressed by placenta
  • Present in most germ cell tumors, and breast, lung, stomach, pancreas, and ovarian carcinomas
Pneumocystis jiroveci (pneumocystis carinii)
2004103
Pneumocystis jiroveci (pneumocystis carinii):
  • Detects presence of Pneumocystis jiroveci in infected tissue and free trophozoites
Procollagen I
2004106
  • Secreted by fibroblasts into the extracellular matrix, where it is cleaved to form collagen
  • Expression and secretion of procollagen is an important feature of wound-healing and tissue-repair processes to which the desmoplastic stroma of malignancy have sometimes been compared
Progesterone
2004525
  • Identifies A and B forms of progesterone
  • Predictive of response to hormone therapy for breast carcinoma and endometrial cancer
  • Aids in differentiating endocervical from endometrial adenocarcinomas
Prolactin
2004109
  • Produced in the anterior pituitary gland
  • Subclassifies pituitary adenomas
PSA
2004112
Prostate-specific antigen:
  • Expressed by prostatic glandular epithelial cells and periurethral and perianal glands
  • Present in prostatic carcinomas, tumors of the colon, liver, lung, parotid, adrenal, and ovary, and, rarely, in metaplasias of the bladder walls
PTEN
2004115
MMAC1, TEP1:
  • Suppresses cellular proliferation
  • Expressed on prostate epithelium, some breast ductal epithelium, lower crypts of gastric mucosa, and some glial cells
RCC
2004124
Renal cell carcinoma:
  • Localized along the brush border of the pars convolute and pars recta segments of the proximal tubule and focally along the luminal surface of Bowman’s capsule.
  • Of normal tissues, is also localized along the luminal surface of breast lobules and ducts, the luminal surface of the epididymal tubular epithelium, within the cytoplasm of the parathyroid parenchymal cells and focally within the colloid of thyroid follicles.
S-100
2004127
  • Brain protein composed of S-100a and S-100b
  • Expressed in neural crest (Schwann cells, melanocytes, glial cells), chondrocytes, adipocytes, myoepithelial cells, macrophages, Langerhans cells, and dendritic cells
  • Present in 95% of melanomas (including desmoplastic and spindle cell tumors), 50% of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, clear cell sarcomas, and occasional breast and undifferentiated carcinomas
SALL4
2005432
SALL4:
  • SALL4 is a highly sensitive marker for gonadal seminoma/dysgerminoma, embryonal carcinomas, and yolk sac tumor as well as their metastatic form, including those metastasizing to the CNS.
  • An immunohistochemical panel, including SALL4, OCT4, and CD30, will help to solve this diagnostic difficulty. Germinoma will be positive for both SALL4 and OCT4 but negative for CD30, whereas embryonal carcinoma will show SALL4+/OCT4+/CD30+ profile and yolk sac tumor will show SALL4+/OCT4-/CD30- profile.
Smooth Muscle Actin
2004130
  • Reacts with the alpha-smooth muscle isoform
  • Present in smooth muscle cells of vessels, parenchymes, myoepithelial cells, pericytes, and some stromal cells in the intestine, testis, and ovary
  • Aids in differentiating leiomyosarcoma from rhabdomyosarcoma
Somatostatin
2004113
  • Hormone of the hypothalamus
  • Labels D-cells of the pancreas and hypothalamic parvicellular region
  • Present in islet cell tumors
  • Aids in identifying neuroendocrine neoplasms and hyperplasia of the pancreatic islet
SV-40
2004137
  • Closely related to BK Virus and JC Virus
  • Used to identify all polymavirus infections due to cross-reactivity between SV-40 and BK Virus and JC Virus.
Synaptophysin
2004139
  • Labels neuroendocrine cells and neurons in the brain, spinal cord, and retina
  • Present in neuroendocrine tumors and neuroendocrine tumors of epithelial type
TdT
2004142
  • Used in subtyping of blastic leukemias
  • Positive in all Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), except Burkitt´s and B-cell FAB L-3
  • Positive in Lymphoblastic crisis of Chromic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML-BC-ALL) and Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
  • Some non-lymphocytic leukemias express positivity, but there is less intensity and greater variability
Thyroglobulin
2004145
  • Protein synthesized by the follicular epithelial cells of the thyroid
  • Aids in the localization of thyroglobulin in hyperplastic and neoplastic thyroid and in monitoring of patients after treatment for follicular carcinomas
TIA-1
2004148
T-cell intracytoplasmic antigen:
  • Reacts with 50-60% of CD8 lymphocytes, 10% of CD4 lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, activated CD4 T-cells, activated NK cells, and con A-activated thymocytes
  • Aids in differentiating T-cell leukemias and lymphomas from B-cell leukemias and lymphomas
Toxoplasmosis
2004157
  • Detects the presence of Toxoplasma gondii in infected tissues
TRAP
2004160
  • Found in hairy cells, osteoclasts, activated macrophages, and giant cells
  • Useful as a marker for hairy cell leukemia in bone marrow
TTF-1
2004166
Thyroid transcription factor-1:
  • Expressed in lung and thyroid epithelial cells
  • Present in pulmonary small cell carcinomas, some pulmonary non-small cell carcinomas, papillary carcinomas, follicular carcinomas and goiter, thyroid medullary carcinomas, and thyroid papillary carcinomas
  • Aids in differentiating pulmonary adenocarcinomas from breast carcinomas
Ubiquitin
2004169
  • Detects intracellular ubiquinated filamentous inclusions in the periphery of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer disease and Lewy bodies in Parkinson disease
Ulex Europaeus
2004172
  • Plant lectin
  • Recognizes sugar moieties (H antigen corresponding to O blood group) in endothelial cells and epithelium
  • Present in angiosarcomas
VEGF-C
2004175
  • Ligand for both VEGFR-2 (FLK1) and VEGFR-3 (FLT4)
  • Major regulator of physiological and pathological angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis
Villin
2004178
  • Sensitive and relatively specific for gastrointestinal and pancreatic adenocarcinoma
  • Aids in differentiating metastatic colon adenocarcinomas from lung adenocarcinomas
Vimentin
2004181
  • Aids in identifying Melanomas and schwannomas
WT-1
2004184
  • Aids in identifying Wilms´ tumor, mesotheliomas